Contents
Survey
and introduction_____________________________________i
1.
The spread of English: a global perspective_______ 1
1.1. Introduction1
1.2. Historical roots of the
spread of English___ 1
1.3. Describing the spread of
English:
different approaches and their
terminology2
1.4. English as a tool for linguistic
imperialism?
The alarmists (Robert Phillipson)_ 4
1.4.1. The tenets and fallacies of ELT____ 5
1.4.2. Arguments to promote the spread of English.6
1.5. English as a tool for international
understanding?
The triumphalists (David Crystal)___ 8
1.6. Linguistic imperialism:
a critique___ 9
1.7. Nigeria: a case study14
1.8.Capitalism
and the spread of English__ 15
1.9. English for elites, English
as an alchemy__ 17
1.10 International English(es)
and intranational English(es): two trends18
1.11. Status and standards of
non-native Englishes20
1.11.1. Internal standards20
1.11.2. External status: non-native varieties and international
discourse_______ 22
1.12. Conclusion and summary:
the appropriation of English25
2.
The spread of English: a European perspective______ 30
2.1. Introduction________ 30
2.2. English in Europe since
1945____ 30
2.3.European
Englishes: several regions__ 32
2.3.1. The Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands:
English as a second mother tongue?34
2.3.2. France_ 36
2.3.3. The Mediterranean countries: Italy and Spain__ 38
2.3.4. The exception: Ireland_ 39
2.3.5. Eastern Europe: a case of linguistic imperialism?______ 40
2.4. Two functional domains
of English use41
2.4.1. Business and jobs41
2.4.2. English in European science42
2.5. English and the institutions
of the E.U.__ 44
2.6. Summary and conclusion:
European English(es):
problems and opportunities________ 47
3.
English in the German speaking areas, with particular reference to the
situation in Austria.53
3.1. The spread of English in
Austria and Germany: a historical perspective53
3.1.1. Introduction______ 53
3.1.2. From the 18th century to National Socialism53
3.1.3. The Third Reich_______ 58
3.1.4. The post war period_ 63
3.1.5. The 60's: textbook analysis66
3.1.6. The 80's: textbook analysis67
3.1.7. Interlude: Switzerland and the GDR (DDR)_______ 69
3.2. English in contemporary
Austria__ 70
3.2.1. Introduction______ 70
3.2.2. English in the education system_ 73
3.2.3. Teaching English as an international language (TEIL):
an outline_ 78
3.2.4. English loans in the Austrian media__ 82
3.2.5. The prestige factor__ 85
4.
Students and the spread of English: a microstudy________ 86
4.1. Methodology and structural
outline___ 86
4.2. Results according to questions_ 88
4.3. English in different domains:
the university and beyond_ 101
4.3.1. Medicine______ 101
4.3.2. Business______ 103
4.3.3. Law______ 104
4.3.4. Humanities and Social Sciences______ 104
4.3.5. Technical subjects105
4.3.6. English for special purposes______ 106
4.3.7. The German speaking scientist and English______ 107
4.3.8. The future role of English at the university______ 108
4.4. Summary and conclusion
of chapters 3 and 4___ 109
5.
Epilogue: the appropriation of English and ethical issues110
Appendix
Bibliography